Here's a list of duas and Ayats to recite or say before, after or during certain actions and certain times. Most of these are written in the transliterated version as my keyboard doesn't give the option to write Arabic.
If you want to double-check the authenticity of the duas, you're welcome to research your own hadeeths etc. I have provided hadeeths for only some as I currently have the hadeeths with me.
Sayyidul Istighfar
"If somebody recites it during the day with firm faith in it and dies on the same day before evening, he will be from the people of Paradise and if somebody recites it at night with firm faith in it and dies before morning, he will be from the people of Paradise." [Sahih Al-Bukhari, Volume 8, Book 75, Number 318]
اللهم أنت ربي لا إله إلا أنت خلقتني وأنا عبدك وأنا على عهدك ووعدك ما استطعت أعوذ بك من شر ما صنعت أبوء لك بنعمتك علي وأبوء بذنبي فاغفر لي فإنه لا يغفر الذنوب إلا أنت
Allahumma anta rabbi, la ilaaha illaa anta khalaqtani wa ana 'abduka, wa ana 'alaa 'ahdika wa wa'dika mas tatha'tu a'uudhubika min sharri maa sana'tu abuu-u laka bini'matika 'alayya wa abuu-u bizambi faghfirli fa innahu laa yaghfiruz zunuuba illaa anta
O Allah, You are my Lord, none has the right to be worshipped except You, You created me and I am Your servant, and I abide to Your covenant and promise [to honor it] as best I can, I take refuge in You from the evil of which I committed I acknowledge Your favor upon me and I acknowledge my sin so forgive e, for verily none can forgive sins except You.
Duas to recite (whenever possible)
Rabbana aatina fi’l-dunya hasanah wa fi’l-aakhirah hasanah wa qina ‘adhaab al-naar
Our Lord, give us that which is good in this world and that which is good in the Hereafter, and protect us from the torment of the Fire [al-Baqarah 2:201]
Rabb ij‘alni muqeema as-salaati wa min dhurriyyati Rabbana wa taqabbal du‘aa’. Rabbana ighfir li wa li waalidayya wa lil-mu’mineena yawma yaqoom ul-hisaab
O my Lord! Make me one who performs As-Salat (Iqamat-as-Salat), and (also) from my offspring, our Lord! And accept my invocation. Our Lord! Forgive me and my parents, and (all) the believers on the Day when the reckoning will be established [Ibraaheem 14:40-41].
Allaahumma inni as’aluka min al-khayri kullihi ‘aajilihi wa aajilihi, ma ‘alimtu minhu wa ma lam a‘lam, wa a‘oodhu bika min ash-sharri kullihi ‘aajilihi wa aajilihi, ma ‘alimtu minhu wa ma lam a‘lam. Allahumma inni as’aluka min khayri ma sa’alaka ‘abduka wa nabiyyuka, wa a‘oodhu bika min sharri ma ‘aadha minhu ‘abduka wa nabiyyuka. Allahumma inni as’aluka al-jannata wa ma qarraba ilayha min qawlin aw ‘amal, wa a‘oodhu bika min an-naari wa ma qarraba ilayha min qawlin aw ‘amal, wa as’aluka an taj‘ala kulla qada’in qadaytahu li khayran
O Allah, verily I ask you for all that is good in this world and the hereafter, what I know of it and what I do not know, and I seek refuge with You from all that is evil in this world and the hereafter, what I know of it and what I do not know. O Allah, verily I ask You for the good of that which Your slave and Prophet asked of You, and I seek refuge with You from the evil of that from which Your slave and Prophet sought refuge with You. O Allah, verily I ask you for Paradise and that which will bring me nearer to it of words and deeds, and I seek refuge with You from Hell and that which would bring me nearer to it of words and deeds. I ask You to make everything You decree for me good.
Allahumma inni as’aluka al-‘aafiyata fi’d-dunya wa’l-aakhirah. Allahumma inni as’aluka al-‘afwa wa’l-‘aafiyata fi deeni wa dunyaaya wa ahli wa maali. Allahumma astur ‘awraati wa aamin raw‘aati. Allahumma ihfazni min bayna yadayya wa min khalfi wa ‘an yameeni wa ‘an shimaali, wa min fawqi, wa a‘oodhu bi ‘azamatika an ughtaala min tahti
O Allah, I ask You for pardon and well-being in my religious and worldly affairs, my family and my wealth. O Allah, conceal my faults and protect me from that which causes me to worry. O Allah, protect me from before me and from behind me, from my right and from my left, and from above me, and I seek refuge in Your greatness lest I be destroyed from beneath me.
Before sleeping
After waking up from sleep
الْحَمْدُ للهِ الَّذِي أَحْيَانَا بَعْدَ مَا أَمَاتَنَا وَإِلَيْهِ النُّشُورُ
Alhamdu lillaahil-lathee ahyaanaa ba da maa amaatanaa wa ilayhin-nushoor.
Praise is to Allah Who gives us life after He has caused us to die and to Him is the return.
Dua before ending your Salah (when you're reading the "Attayyat"
Additionally, after reciting the Salawat, this is to be said before ending the prayer:
Allaahumma 'innee a'oothu bika min 'adhaabil-qabri, wa min 'adhaabi Jahannama, wa min fitnatil-Mahyaa wal Mamaati, wa min sharri Fitnatil-Maseehid-Dajjal
I don't have the option to write Arabic on my keyboard, so this is the best I can do for now :(
After hearing the Adhan
The Messenger of Allah (Salla-Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said:
"Whoever says when he hears the call to prayer:
'Allaahumma Rabba haadhi-hid-da'watit-taa'mmati was-salaatil-qaa'imati, aati Muhammadanil-wa-seelata wa'l-fadeelata, wab'athu maqaamam-mahdmudanil-ladhi wa'adtahu
my intercession for him will be permitted on the Day of Resurrection." [Al-Bukhaari]
Dua for Shifa
Allahumma Rabban-naas, azhibil-ba's, washfi antash-Shaafi laa shifaa'a illaa shifaa'uka, shifaa'an laa yughadiru saqamaa
O Allah, Lord of mankind, do away with my suffering, Heal (me) as You are the only Healer and there is no cure except that of Yours, it is that which leaves no ailment behind. [Al-Bukhari]
Dua for good spouses and children
Rabbana hab lana min azwaajina wa dhurriyyaatina qurrata a‘yunin waj‘alna lil-muttaqeena imaama
Our Lord! Bestow on us from our wives and our offspring who will be the comfort of our eyes, and make us leaders for the Muttaqoon (the pious) [Al-Furqaan 25:74]
Before Eating
Bismillah
In the name of Allah
If One forgets to Say it before eating
Bismillahi fee awwalihi wa aakhirihi
In the name of Allah in its beginning and its end.
After Eating
Alhamdu lillahil-lathee at'amanee haathaa wa razaqaneehi min ghayri hawlin minnee wa laa quwwatin
All praise is for Allah who fed me this and provided it for me without any might from myself and no power [from myself]
Dua for forgiveness (good for during the last 10 days of Ramadan)
Allaahumma innaka ‘afuwwun tuhibb al-‘afwa fa’affu ‘anni
O Allaah, You are forgiving and You love forgiveness, so forgive me.
Ayats to read and remember for when you are feeling upset
فَبِمَا رَحْمَةٍۢ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ لِنتَ لَهُمْ ۖ وَلَوْ كُنتَ فَظًّا غَلِيظَ ٱلْقَلْبِ لَٱنفَضُّوا۟ مِنْ حَوْلِكَ ۖ فَٱعْفُ عَنْهُمْ وَٱسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ وَشَاوِرْهُمْ فِى ٱلْأَمْرِ ۖ فَإِذَا عَزَمْتَ فَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يُحِبُّ ٱلْمُتَوَكِّلِينَ
It is out of Allah’s mercy that you O Prophet have been lenient with them. Had you been cruel or hard-hearted, they would have certainly abandoned you. So pardon them, ask Allah’s forgiveness for them, and consult with them in conducting matters. Once you make a decision, put your trust in Allah. Surely Allah loves those who trust in Him. [Al-Imran, ayah 159]
Weak
يُرِيدُ ٱللَّهُ أَن يُخَفِّفَ عَنكُمْ ۚ وَخُلِقَ ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ ضَعِيفًۭا
And it is Allah’s Will to lighten your burdens, for humankind was created weak. [An-Nisa, ayah 28]
Lonely
قَالَ لَا تَخَافَآ ۖ إِنَّنِى مَعَكُمَآ أَسْمَعُ وَأَرَىٰ
Allah reassured them, “Have no fear! I am with you, hearing and seeing. [Surah Taha, ayah 46]
Sinned
۞ قُلْ يَـٰعِبَادِىَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَسْرَفُوا۟ عَلَىٰٓ أَنفُسِهِمْ لَا تَقْنَطُوا۟ مِن رَّحْمَةِ ٱللَّهِ ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَغْفِرُ ٱلذُّنُوبَ جَمِيعًا ۚ إِنَّهُۥ هُوَ ٱلْغَفُورُ ٱلرَّحِيمُ
Say, O Prophet, that Allah says, “O My servants who have exceeded the limits against their souls! Do not lose hope in Allah’s mercy, for Allah certainly forgives all sins.1 He is indeed the All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. [Az-Zumar, ayah 53]
Worried
وَٱسْتَعِينُوا۟ بِٱلصَّبْرِ وَٱلصَّلَوٰةِ ۚ وَإِنَّهَا لَكَبِيرَةٌ إِلَّا عَلَى ٱلْخَـٰشِعِينَ
And seek help through patience and prayer. Indeed, it is a burden except for the humble— [A; Baqarah, ayah 45]
Anxious
وَإِذْ يَمْكُرُ بِكَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ لِيُثْبِتُوكَ أَوْ يَقْتُلُوكَ أَوْ يُخْرِجُوكَ ۚ وَيَمْكُرُونَ وَيَمْكُرُ ٱللَّهُ ۖ وَٱللَّهُ خَيْرُ ٱلْمَـٰكِرِينَ
And remember, O Prophet, when the disbelievers conspired to capture, kill, or exile you. They planned, but Allah also planned. And Allah is the best of planners. [Al-Anfal, ayah 30]
In danger
وَمَكَرُوا۟ وَمَكَرَ ٱللَّهُ ۖ وَٱللَّهُ خَيْرُ ٱلْمَـٰكِرِينَ
And the disbelievers made a plan against Jesus, but Allah also planned—and Allah is the best of planners. [Al-Imran, ayah 54]
Lack of faith
ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ وَتَطْمَئِنُّ قُلُوبُهُم بِذِكْرِ ٱللَّهِ ۗ أَلَا بِذِكْرِ ٱللَّهِ تَطْمَئِنُّ ٱلْقُلُوبُ
those who believe and whose hearts find comfort in the remembrance of Allah. Surely in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find comfort. [Ar-Ra'ad, ayah 28]
Need courage
هَلْ جَزَآءُ ٱلْإِحْسَـٰنِ إِلَّا ٱلْإِحْسَـٰنُ
Is there any reward for goodness except goodness? [Ar-Rahman, ayah 60]
Need directions
قُلْ أَنَدْعُوا۟ مِن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ مَا لَا يَنفَعُنَا وَلَا يَضُرُّنَا وَنُرَدُّ عَلَىٰٓ أَعْقَابِنَا بَعْدَ إِذْ هَدَىٰنَا ٱللَّهُ كَٱلَّذِى ٱسْتَهْوَتْهُ ٱلشَّيَـٰطِينُ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ حَيْرَانَ لَهُۥٓ أَصْحَـٰبٌۭ يَدْعُونَهُۥٓ إِلَى ٱلْهُدَى ٱئْتِنَا ۗ قُلْ إِنَّ هُدَى ٱللَّهِ هُوَ ٱلْهُدَىٰ ۖ وَأُمِرْنَا لِنُسْلِمَ لِرَبِّ ٱلْعَـٰلَمِينَ
Ask them, O Prophet, “Should we invoke, other than Allah, those idols which cannot benefit or harm us, and turn back to disbelief after Allah has guided us? If we do so, we will be like those disoriented by devils in the wilderness, while their companions call them to guidance, saying, ‘Come to us!’ Say, O Prophet, “Allah’s guidance is the only true guidance. And we are commanded to submit to the Lord of all worlds, [Al-An'am, ayah 71]
The ayats and its translations are copied from quran.com
Ayatul Kursi and its benefits:
ٱللَّهُ لَآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ٱلْحَىُّ ٱلْقَيُّومُ ۚ لَا تَأْخُذُهُۥ سِنَةٌۭ وَلَا نَوْمٌۭ ۚ لَّهُۥ مَا فِى ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَمَا فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ ۗ مَن ذَا ٱلَّذِى يَشْفَعُ عِندَهُۥٓ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِۦ ۚ يَعْلَمُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَمَا خَلْفَهُمْ ۖ وَلَا يُحِيطُونَ بِشَىْءٍۢ مِّنْ عِلْمِهِۦٓ إِلَّا بِمَا شَآءَ ۚ وَسِعَ كُرْسِيُّهُ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضَ ۖ وَلَا يَـُٔودُهُۥ حِفْظُهُمَا ۚ وَهُوَ ٱلْعَلِىُّ ٱلْعَظِيمُ
Allahu laaa ilaaha illaa huwal haiyul qai-yoom; laa taakhuzuhoo sinatunw wa laa nawm; lahoo maa fissamaawaati wa maa fil ard; man zallazee yashfa'u indahooo illaa be iznih; ya'lamu maa baina aideehim wa maa khalfahum; wa laa yuheetoona beshai 'immin 'ilmihee illa be maa shaaaa; wasi'a kursiyyuhus samaa waati wal arda wa la ya'ooduho hifzuhumaa; wa huwal aliyyul 'azeem
Allah! There is no god worthy of worship except Him, the Ever-Living, All-Sustaining. Neither drowsiness nor sleep overtakes Him. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. Who could possibly intercede with Him without His permission? He fully knows what is ahead of them and what is behind them, but no one can grasp any of His knowledge—except what He wills to reveal. His Seat encompasses the heavens and the earth, and the preservation of both does not tire Him. For He is the Most High, the Greatest. [Al-Baqarah, ayah 255]
Benefits:
The recitation of Ayatul Kursi will keep the person protected from Shaitaan (devil).
The person who recites Ayatul Kursi in the morning will be in the protection until the night and who recites in the night will be protected till the morning.
Whoever recites Ayat al-Kursi at the end of every obligatory prayer, nothing but death will prevent him from entering Paradise (An-Nasa’i reported it, and Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih).
Shaitaan leaves the home in which Ayatul Kursi is recited.
The recitation of Ayat ul-Kursi will safeguard your children.
The recitation of this Ayah will safeguard your home from theft.
The recitation of Ayatul Kursi will ease the death.
Ayatul Kursi along with Qul Surah’s can be recited to safeguard from the evil eye.
(source)
Ramadan invocations:
Upon sighting the Crescent Moon
Allahumma 'ahillahu 'alayna bil'amni wal'eemaani wassalaamati wal-'Islaami, wattawfeeqi limaa tuhibbu Rabbanna wa tardhaa, Rabbunaa wa Rabbukallaahu
Allah is the Most Great. O Allah, bring us the new moon with security and Faith, with peace and in Islam, and in harmony with what out Lord loves and what pleases Him. Our Lord and your Lord is Allah. [Tirmidhi]
Dua after breaking the fast (1)
Dhahaba al-zama’ wa abtalat al-‘urooq wa thabata al-ajr in sha Allah
Thirst is gone, the veins are moistened and the reward is certain if Allah wills.
Dua after breaking the fast (2)
Alllahumma innee as'aluka birahmatika al-latee wasi'at kulla shay'in an taghfira lee
O Allah verily I ask You by Your mercy which envelops all things that You forgive me.
Supplication of a Guest for the Host
Allahumma baraik lahum feemaa razaqtahum waghfir lahum warhamhumm
O Allah, bless for them that which You have provided them and forgive them and have mercy upon them.
Supplication Said for a Family Who invited You to Break You Fast with Them
Aftra 'indakum ussaa'imoona wa akala ta'aamakum ul-'abaaru wa sallat 'alaykum ul'malaa'ikatu
Here is the references https://www.islamwala.com/